Anti urolithiatic activity of Cyperus rotundus tubers: In silico, In vitro and In vivo approaches

Abstract The present research evaluated the anti urolithic potential of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract using in silico, in vitro and in vivo techniques. In silicostudy was performed of Cyperus rotundus constituents and pathological protein oxalate oxidase (PDB Id: 2ETE). In vitrostudy, nucleation and aggregation assay involved for assessment of ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus tuber (50-3000 µg/ml).In vivo studies involved that the Cyperus rotundusethanolic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg B.wt.) wastreatedonsodium oxalate induced urolithiatic rats for seven days,evaluated kidney function by urine and serum biochemical analysis and statistical analysis performed usingGraphPad prism5 software.In silico results showedthat Cyperus rotundus constituents,Humulene epoxide, 4-Oxo-alpha-ylangene, Cubebol were exhibited better binding energyonoxalate oxidase.Ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundustuber was exhibited nucleation, aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals inhibition in dosedependent manner. Sodium oxalate treatment was triggered biochemical changesin the urine that have been substantially prevented by the ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus tuber. The current findings Cyperus rotundus anti urolithic activity due to antioxidant essential oils. The molecular docking results could be used to optimize lead and develop the appropriate urolithiasis treatment.

Effects of different habitat processing methods on the quality of Cyperus rotundus / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the eff ects of different habitat processing methods on the quality of Cyperus rotundus ， such as sun-drying after steaming ，sun-drying after boiling and direct sun-drying ，and to investigate the optimal habitat processing method of C. rotundus from the perspective of chemical component. METHODS The fingerprint of C. rotundus was established by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）combined with the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM （2012 edition）. The similarity evaluation was conducted to determine the common peak. Cluster analysis （CA）combined with principal component analysis （PCA）and partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）was used to differentiate and compare C. rotundus treated by different habitat processing methods. And the contents of cyperrenone ，α-cyperone，luteolin and ferulic acid in C. rotundus were determined by HPLC. RESULTS There were 22 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of C. rotundus reated by different habitat processing methods ；their similarities were higher than 0.9；common peak 16 and common peak 20 were cyperrenone and α-cyperone. CA results showed that C. rotundus boiled for 4，8 and 12 min were clustered into one category，the rest of the samples clustered into one category. PCA results showed that comprehensive score of C. rotundus steamed for 10 and 15 min and boiled for 2 min were the highest. The steaming treatment had small effect on comprehensive score of samples，while the boiling treatment had a great effect on the quality of the samples ；the overall score of samples decreased sharply after boiling for 2 min. Results of PLS-DA showed that variable importance projection （VIP）of peak 20（α-cyperone），peak 16 （cyperrenone），peak 22，peak 17 and peak 22 in HPLC fingerprints were all higher than 1. The results of content determination showed that there was significant difference in the contents of α-cyperone，cyperrenone and luteolin in samples treated by different habitat processing methods.With the increase of steaming and boiling time ，the contents of α-cyperone，cyperrenone and luteolin showed a significant downward trend ，and boiling had a great impact on them. CONCLUSIONS Too long boiling treatment greatly；2019 destroys the chemical composition of C. rotundus ， andsteaming for 10，15 min or boiling for 2 min is the optimal processing method.

Comparison of the Contents of 14 Inorganic Elements in Cyperus rotundus from Different Origins Based on Stoichiometry / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish the method for the content determination of inorganic elements in Cyperus rotundus ，and to compare the contents of 14 kinds of inorganic elements in C. rotundus from different producing areas ，and to provide theoretical basis for its quality control and high quality resources development . METHODS ：The samples were processed by microwave digestion，and ICP-MS method was used to determine the contents of Na ，Mg，K，Ca，Mn，Fe，Ni，Cu，Zn，As，Se，Sr，Cd and Pb. SPSS 23.0 software were used for principal component analysis （PCA）and cluster analysis. RESULTS ：The average contents of above 14 kinds of inorganic elements in C. rotundus from different producing areas were 168.62，753.71， 6 938.33，24.31，14.69，197.77，0.60，2.43，26.89，0.21，0.06，5.64，0.05，0.32 mg/kg，respectively. The results of PCA showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components was 86.203％，which could reflect most of the information of the original data. C. rotundus from Shandong ，Jiangxi，Shanxi，Hubei and Yunnan ranked the top five places in terms of comprehensive score of inorganic element contents. The results of cluster analysis showed that the samples from 9 producing areas were clustered into 5 categories，showing the characteristics of clustering by producing area. From the perspective of inorganic elements ，the quality of C. rotundus from East China ，Central China ，North China and Southwest China was better than that from South China. CONCLUSIONS ：Essential trace elements like Na ，Mg，K，Ca，Mn，Fe，Cu，Zn，Sr are rich in C. rotundus，and there are small amounts of Ni ，As，Se，Cd，Pb elements in it. The contents difference of inorganic elements in C. rotundus from different origins may related to the geographical area it belongs to.

Comparative Study on the Contents of 4 Components in the Volatile Oil of Cyperus rotundus from Different Origins Based on HPLC Method and Multivariate Statistical Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To estab lish the method for simultaneous determination of the contents of cyperotundone ， nootkatone，α-cyperone and aristolone in the volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus ，compare the content differences of 4 components in C. rotundus samples from different origins ，and to provide reference for germplasm screening ，development and utilization of the medicinal material. METHODS ：The volatile oil was extracted from 46 batches of C. rotundus from 12 origins. The contents of cypermenone，nootkatone，α-cyperone and aristolone in volatile oil were determined by HPLC. The determination was performed on Kromasil C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-water （68∶32，V/V）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min；the column temperature was 30 ℃；the detection wavelength was set at 242 nm；the sample size was 20 μL. Using the contents of above 4 components as evaluation indexes ，radar image analysis ，cluster thermal map analysis and principal component analysis were performed for comparing the quality of C. rotundus from different origins. RESULTS ：The results of content determination methodology investigation met relevant requirements ；the total contents of 4 components in volatile oil from C. rotundus from different origins ranged from 136.986 4 to 538.832 1 mg/g，of which the total content of samples from Yunnan was the highest （the average value was 476.059 2 mg/g）. Radar image analysis results showed that the whole contour in the 4 origins of Guangdong ， Jiangxi，Guangxi and Yunnan was large relatively and better balanced ，among which the samples from Yunnan had the largest overall contour and the best balance. The cluster thermal map analysis results showed that the samples from 12 origins could be grouped into 2 categories，the first category was from Hubei ，Jiangxi，Yunnan，Sichuan，Guangdong，Shandong，Henan and Shaanxi；the second category was from Guangxi ，Shanxi，Anhui and Hainan ；the quality of samples from the first category were better than that of samples from the second category. The principal component analysis results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 96.1％，and the samples from 12 origins were mainly clustered into two categories ，which was consistent with the results of cluster thermal map analysis. CONCLUSIONS ：Established HPLC method can be used for simultaneous determination of cypermenone ，nootkatone，α-cyperone and aristolone in volatile oil of C. rotundus from different origins. Among the samples from 12 origins，the quality of medicinal material from Yunnan is better.

Regulation of Integrin β3 Protein Secretion on Implantation Embryo of Mouse (Mus musculus L.) Induced by Oil Atsiri of Purple Nutsedge Tubers (Cyperus rotundus L.)

Aims: This study aims to determine the regulation of β3 integrin protein in the period of embryo implantation after being induced by oil atsiri of purple nutsedge tubers. Study Design: The study employed a completely randomised design using four concentration levels repeated six times. Place and Duration of Study: Organic Chemistry Laboratory and Zoology Laboratory of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Lampung, between June 2015 and April 2016. Methodology: This study used mouse as experimental animals with 24 female mouse, then mated with male mouse with a ratio (1 female: 1 male). After the vaginal plug was found in female mouse, then the essential oil of purple nutsedge tubers was induced orally (force-fed) according to the treatment dose. Each 6 female mice were grouped as a control group, and 3 treatment groups, consisting of controls (C) = 0.4 ml aquabides, treatment 1 (T1) = 4.5 mg/40g body weight, treatment 2 (T2) = 45 mg/40g body weight, and treatment 3 (T3) = 135 mg/40g body weight. After the one way Anova test, Ho is rejected, meaning there are significant differences and the analysis is continued with multiple comparison tests, in this case the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test is used. Results: The results shown that the induction of essential oils of purple nutsedge tubers can reduce the level of β3 integrin protein in uterus mouse significantly. Conclusion: It is suggested essential oil of purple nutsedge tubers has potential decrease and can reduce the level of β3 integrin protein in uterus mouse during the period of embryo implantation.

Comparison of the Extraction Effects of Two Methods on the Total Volatile Oil from Citrus aurantium and Cyperus rotundus in Qizhi Weitong Granule / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To compare the extraction effects of steam distillation method （SD） and extraction-azeotropic distillation coupling technology （WER） on the volatile oil from Citrus aurantium and Cyperus rotundus， so as to determine the suitable extraction method and improve the extraction technology of volatile components in Qizhi weitong granule. METHODS： SD and WER were used to extract the total volatile oil from C. aurantium and C. rotundus. t-test was conducted for the yield of volatile oil extracted by the two methods. GC-MS method was used to analyze the volatile oil， and the main components were determined. The relative content of main components was determined compared by area normalization method. GC-MS conditions included that Agilent HP-5 capillary column （30 m×0.25 mm ， 0.25 μm）， inlet temperature of 250 ℃， nitrogen as carrier gas， flow rate of 1 mL/min， split ratio of 20 ∶ 1， sample size of 2 μL， temperature programmed， electron bombardment， electron bombardment energy of 70 eV， scanning range of m/z 50-500. RESULTS： The appearance of volatile oil extracted by WER was more clear， with better product phase than that by SD. The average yield of volatile oil extracted by WER method were significantly higher than SD method （1.78％ vs. 1.48％， P＜0.01）. The volatile oil extracted by WER method and SD method contained 39 and 38 components， involving 38 common components. Among them， D-limonene， acetophenone， ketoenone and α-ketone were the main components of the total volatile oil from C. aurantium and C. rotundus， and the sum of the 4 main components was about 73.40％ （WER method） and 68.46％ （SD method） of the total components.  CONCLUSIONS： Compared with SD method， WER method for extracting volatile oil from C.aurantium and C. rotundus is better in product， phase higher in yield and higher in content of active volatiles， and is more suitable for the extraction of volatile components in Qizhi weitong granule.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts from Cyperus rotundus Linn rhizomes.

The rhizome part of Cyperus rotundus has been shown to contain 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) (1), methyl ferulate (MF) (2), (E)-ferulaldehyde (FA) (3), and N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (NTF) (4).These known compounds are being reported for the first time from this plant and their structures were determined by physical properties and spectroscopic analyses. The present study was designed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of C. rotundus. All the extract displayed significant analgesic effect in acetic acid and hot plate pain models in a dose dependent manner. As compared with the other extracts, the ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) was the most effective in the analgesic test similar to standard drugs. In writhing test, ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) showed significantly, inhibiting pain by 73.44 %, similar to aspirin which showed 76.47 % inhibition at the dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. In hot plate test, ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) produced maximum possible analgesia of 12.72 ± 1.15 sec at 90 min, whilst morphine sulfate (5 mg/kg) showed 13.83 ± 1.15 sec. Similarly, carrageenan-induced paw volume was significantly reduced by ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) at 2.20 ± 1.18 4 h after administration similar to that of diclofenac sodium which showed 2.24 ± 1.18 at the dose of 100 mg/kg. The data justify the traditional use of Cyperus rotundus as medicinal plant which has a potential source of bioactive molecules to treat inflammatory diseases.

Chemical composition, antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from aromatic plants growing in Sudan

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the potential of essential oil, as therapeutic molecule source, from olibanum of Boswellia papyrifera (Burseraceae), leafy stems of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (Poaceae) and Croton zambesicus (Euphorbiaceae) and rhizome of Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae) found in Sudan. Respective essential oil was evaluated for anti-proliferative, antibacterial and antioxidant activity.@*METHODS@#Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and then analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Anti-proliferative activity was determined against human cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB231, HT29 and HCT116) by the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) procedure. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by diphenyl 2 pycril hydrazil (DPPH) assay. Antibacterial activity was determined against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria by microdilution method.@*RESULTS@#The essential oil from olibanum of Boswellia papyrifera contained mainly alcohol and ester derivatives (46.82%) while monoterpenes (69.84%) dominated in Corton zambesicus oil. Sesquiterpenes were the most highly represented classes of terpene derivatives in Cyperus schoenanthus (71.59%) and Cyperus rotundus (44.26%). Oil of Cymbopogon schoenanthus revealed the best anti-proliferative activity against HCT116 cell line with IC50 value at (19.1 ± 2.0) μg/mL. Oil of Croton zambesicus showed the best antioxidant activity [EC50 (4.20 ± 0.19) mg/mL]. All oils showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranged from 16 to 250 μg/mL.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results suggest that the essential oils of these plants could be used as a source of natural anti-proliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Chemical composition, antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from aromatic plants growing in Sudan

Objective To explore the potential of essential oil, as therapeutic molecule source, from olibanum of Boswellia papyrifera (Burseraceae), leafy stems of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (Poaceae) and Croton zambesicus (Euphorbiaceae) and rhizome of Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae) found in Sudan. Respective essential oil was evaluated for anti-proliferative, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Methods Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and then analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Anti-proliferative activity was determined against human cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB231, HT29 and HCT116) by the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) procedure. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by diphenyl 2 pycril hydrazil (DPPH) assay. Antibacterial activity was determined against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria by microdilution method. Results The essential oil from olibanum of Boswellia papyrifera contained mainly alcohol and ester derivatives (46.82%) while monoterpenes (69.84%) dominated in Corton zambesicus oil. Sesquiterpenes were the most highly represented classes of terpene derivatives in Cyperus schoenanthus (71.59%) and Cyperus rotundus (44.26%). Oil of Cymbopogon schoenanthus revealed the best anti-proliferative activity against HCT116 cell line with IC50 value at (19.1 ± 2.0) μg/mL. Oil of Croton zambesicus showed the best antioxidant activity [EC50 (4.20 ± 0.19) mg/mL]. All oils showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranged from 16 to 250 μg/mL. Conclusions The results suggest that the essential oils of these plants could be used as a source of natural anti-proliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Chemical structure of cyperotundic acid from rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus / 中国中药杂志

Thirteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus(Xiangfu) by means of various chromatographic techniques(silica gel, Al2O3, Sephadex LH-20, MCI GEL CHP-20P and HPLC), and their structures were identified as cyperotundic acid(1),(4S, 5E, 10R)-7-oxo-trinoreudesm-5-en-4β-ol(2), 4-hydroxy-4, 7-dimethyl-1-tetralone(3), taraxerone(4), dammaradienyl acetate(5), zeorin(6), sarmentine(7), guineensine(8), pellitorine(9), caprolactam(10), liriodendrin(11), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-hydroxy-1-(E)-propenyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]propyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(12)and 1-(3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1E-tetradecene(13) by extensive spectroscopic analyses(IR, MS, 1D-and 2D-NMR). Compound 1 was a new rearranged sesquiterpene and named as cyperotundic acid, which did not obey the isoprene rule.Compounds 2-13 were obtained from the genus Cyperus for the first time.

GC-MS characterization of n-hexane soluble compounds of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes.

Cyperus rotundus L., popularly known as nutgrass or nagarmotha, is commonly used in the traditional medicine for inflammatory disorders. In the present study, n-hexane extract from rhizomes of C. rotundus (HCR) was analyzed for its constituents using GC-MS technique. The rhizomes were collected, washed, shade dried and powdered. N-hexane extract was prepared by cold percolation method and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. It was subjected to Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) for the identification of components thereon. Preliminary phytochemical screening of HCR revealed the presence of phenolics, sterols and terpenoids. GC-MS data indicates the presence of twenty seven low polar components in HCR. The major identified molecules include hentriacontane (7.15%), triacontane (6.12%), nonacosane (5%), octacosane (4.38%), octadecane (2.35%), hexadecane (2.32%), eicosane (1.56%), pentatriacontane (1.43%), 9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (1.37%), Heneicosane, 3-methyl- (1.27%), α-cyperone (1.25%), heptadecane (1.15%) and gamma-Sitosterol (1%). As some of these constituents are known to possess anticancer activity, HCR could be used as an active therapeutic ingredient.

Optimization of Extraction Technology of Total Volatile Oil from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. and Cyperus rotundus L. in Hegan Lipi Granules by Box-Behnken Response Surface Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of total volatile oil from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. and Cyper-us rotundus L. in Hegan lipi granules. METHODS:With the extraction rate of total volatile oil as the index,Box-Behnken response surface method was applied to investigate the effects of water amount,soaking time for medicinal materials and extraction time by distillation on the amount of the extracted volatile oil and optimize the extraction technology of total volatile oil from C. cassia Pre-sl. and C. rotundus L. in Hegan lipi granules,and verification tests were conducted. RESULTS:The relevant coefficient of the es-tablished quadratic polynomial regression model of 3 variable factors was 0.970 5. The optimal extraction technology was as follows as 5 times as much as the amount of medicinal materials of water,soaking time of 2.5 h,extraction time of 6.0 h. Verification tests showed the extraction rate of total volatile oil was 1.65%,with a deviation rate lower than 2% compared to the predicted value of 1.67%. CONCLUSIONS:The established model is reliable with good predictability. The optimal technology can be used for the ex-traction of total volatile oil from C. cassia Presl. and C. rotundus L. in Hegan lipi granules.

Content Comparison of Total Flavonoids in Cyperus Rotundus from Different Habitats / 中国药师

Objective:To establish the determination method for total flavonoids in Cyperus rotundus and investigate the total fla-vonoids content in Cyperus rotundus from different habitats. Methods:Total flavonoids in Cyperus rotundus from different habitats were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry with rutin as the standard substance. Results:The absorbance of rutin had a good linear cor-relation with the concentration within the range of 0.064 3-0.642 6 mg·ml-1(r =0.999 1). The average recovery was 99.74%(RSD=2. 16%,n=6). The order of total flavonoids content in Cyperus rotundus from different habitats was Henan province >Sichuan province> Guangdong province >Anhui province > Halnan province >Shandong province. Conclusion:The method is easy and ac-curate, which can be applied in the quality control of Cyperus rotundus. The total flavonoids content in Cyperus rotundus from Henan province is the highest.

Hypolipidemic Properties of Ethanol Extract of Cyperus rotundus Rhizome.

This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome on hyperlipidemia induced with carbimazole and cholesterol in male wister rats. Acute toxicity analysis with the Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract produced no letality even at higher doses. Hyperlipidemia was induced using 400 mg/kg cholesterol and 2 mg/kg carbimazole. The lipemic control group was administered cholesterol and carbimazole but not the normal control group. Cholesterol and carbimazole administration caused a significant (p = 0.05) increase in the Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), non-High Density Lipoprotein (non-HDL) Cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio and a significant (p = .05) decrease in the levels of HDL cholesterol in the lipemic control when compared to the normal control. Treatment with ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and the standard hypolipidemic drug (simvastatin) at 5mg/kg significantly (p = 0.05) reduced total cholesterol, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, total non-HDL Cholesterol and also significantly (p=.05) increased the level of HDL cholesterol when compared to the non-treatment group (the lipemic control group). Results of the present study indicate that Cyperus rotundus rhizome contains principles that have hypolipidemic potentials and which compare effectively with standard clinically used therapeutic Hypolipidemic agent, simvastatin.

Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on Ayurvedic drugs Ativisha and Musta

The study include the establishment of pharmacognostic and phytochemical characters of Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Ranunculaceae) and to compare them with its substitutes, Cyperus rotundus L. (Musta), C. scariosus R. Br., Cyperaceae, and Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler, Araceae (Country Ativisha). Morphology of the four species was compared in authentic samples collected from the field. We performed histological, histochemical, phytochemical tests, using standard protocols. HPLC studies were done on aqueous extracts of samples in a Shimadzu HPLC system and the peaks were observed at 254 nm. Pharmacognostic characterization of Ativisha and others was done as completely as possible. On basis of histochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloid, terpenoid-alkaloid complex, lipids and calcium oxalate majorly. There was less than 50% similarity between Ativisha and the other three species in microscopic characters. There was greater similarity (87%) between the two Cyperus species. The phytochemical studies, on the other hand, showed less similarity (79.2%) between the two Cyperus species. There was greater phytochemical similarity (84.6%) between Aconitum and Cryptocoryne, which justifies the name "Country Ativisha" for the latter. Based on anatomical and histochemical analysis, structural as well as chemical parameters helpful in distinguishing Ativisha from the other three species were established. The phytochemical profiles showed that A. heterophyllum and Cyperus species have five common HPLC peaks which may explain some of their common therapeutic activities. Ativisha and Cryptocoryne show greater phytochemical similarities to one another and this explains why the latter is used in Siddha system of medicine as country Ativisha.

Chemical constituents from rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical components from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated by spectral methods. Results: A new isoflavonoid, 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-2'-methoxy-3'-prenylisoflavone (1), along with nine phenolic compounds, 6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl- 6-epi-aucubin (2), 6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-6-epi-monomelittoside (3), verproside (4), syringopicroside B (5), syringopicroside C (6), oleuropeinic acid (7), oleuroside (8), 10-hydroxyoleuropein (9), and senburiside I (10), were obtained from the rhizomes of C. rotundus. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new isoflavone, named cyperotundone A, and compounds 2-10 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil using nut grass, Cyperus rotundus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Cyperus rotundus (nut grass), that could be effective in phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil. A net house experiment was conducted with different concentrations (2.05, 4.08, 6.1, 8.15 and 10.2%) of crude oil-contaminated soil for 180 days. Plant growth, biomass, total oil and grease (TOG) degradation and microbial numbers were analyzed at different intervals i.e. 60, 120 and 180 days in different percentages of crude oil contaminated soil. In presence of crude oil, plant biomass and heights reduced up to 26 and 21.9% respectively. Concerning TOG content in soil, C. rotundus could decrease up to 50.01, 46.1, 42.6, 38.8 and 32.6% in treatment I, II, III, IV and V respectively in vegetated pots during 180 days. In case of unvegetated pots, the reductions of TOG were 4.4, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6 and 9.6% in treatment A, B, C, D and E respectively. However, there was significant degradation (P=0.05) of TOG in vegetated pots in comparison to unvegetated pots thereby proving the efficacy of this plant species for use in phytoremediation.

Chemical compositions of essential oil of Cyperus rotundus L. from Vinh city of Nghe An province

Study on chemical compositions of essential oil of Cyperus rotundus L. extracted from the stem and root of plant Cyperus rotundus L. from Nghe An in October 2003. Results: 49 components were detected by combination of GC and GC/MS, in which 18 had been identified. Monoterpens accounted for high level in essential oil. The main components were -cyperon (14.5%), cyperen (7.8%), caryophylen oxid (6.5%), -selinen (6.3%). Essential oil level was 0.2% for fresh samples. Essential oil had soil-yellow color and specific slight perfume